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9.1 cellular respiration an overview12/18/2023 ![]() In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate, and NADH is reoxidized to NAD+. For each molecule of glucose that is broken down, two molecules of pyruvate, two molecules of ATP, and two molecules of NADH are produced. 9.6: Stage II of Carbohydrate Catabolism The monosaccharide glucose is broken down through a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions known as glycolysis.This series of reactions also produces a pH gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane that drives the synthesis of ATP from ADP. ![]() The reduced coenzymes produced by the citric acid cycle are reoxidized by the reactions of the electron transport chain. For each acetyl-CoA that enters the citric acid cycle, 2 molecules of carbon dioxide, 3 molecules of NADH, 1 molecule of ATP, and 1 molecule of FADH2 are produced. 9.5: Stage III of Catabolism The acetyl group of acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle.9.4: Overview of Stage II of Catabolism Acetyl-CoA is formed from the breakdown of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.Most of the digestion reactions occur in the small intestine. 9.3: Stage I of Catabolism During digestion, carbohydrates are broken down into monosaccharides, proteins are broken down into amino acids, and triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids.9.2: ATP: the Universal Energy Currency The hydrolysis of ATP releases energy that can be used for cellular processes that require energy.Living organisms instead conserve much of the energy respiration releases by channeling it into a series of stepwise reactions But the energy released in the burning of wood is manifested entirely in the form of heat, and excess heat energy is not only useless but also injurious to the living cell. 9.1: Introduction to Metabolism Like the combustion of the common fuels we burn in our homes and cars (wood, coal, gasoline), respiration uses oxygen from the air to break down complex organic substances to carbon dioxide and water.Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy. Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter, for example, by cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The three main purposes of metabolism are the conversion of food/fuel to energy to run cellular processes, the conversion of food/fuel to building blocks for proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and some carbohydrates, and the elimination of nitrogenous wastes. Metabolism is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms.
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